全文获取类型
收费全文 | 401053篇 |
免费 | 45665篇 |
国内免费 | 351篇 |
出版年
2016年 | 3739篇 |
2015年 | 5584篇 |
2014年 | 6505篇 |
2013年 | 9479篇 |
2012年 | 10370篇 |
2011年 | 10462篇 |
2010年 | 6919篇 |
2009年 | 6571篇 |
2008年 | 9321篇 |
2007年 | 9804篇 |
2006年 | 9286篇 |
2005年 | 9086篇 |
2004年 | 8987篇 |
2003年 | 8580篇 |
2002年 | 8553篇 |
2001年 | 18386篇 |
2000年 | 18955篇 |
1999年 | 14982篇 |
1998年 | 4865篇 |
1997年 | 5083篇 |
1996年 | 4705篇 |
1995年 | 4667篇 |
1994年 | 4600篇 |
1993年 | 4618篇 |
1992年 | 12180篇 |
1991年 | 11764篇 |
1990年 | 11412篇 |
1989年 | 11068篇 |
1988年 | 10450篇 |
1987年 | 9947篇 |
1986年 | 9439篇 |
1985年 | 9529篇 |
1984年 | 7887篇 |
1983年 | 6766篇 |
1982年 | 5402篇 |
1981年 | 5016篇 |
1980年 | 4539篇 |
1979年 | 7682篇 |
1978年 | 6186篇 |
1977年 | 5696篇 |
1976年 | 5375篇 |
1975年 | 6029篇 |
1974年 | 6654篇 |
1973年 | 6609篇 |
1972年 | 6122篇 |
1971年 | 5536篇 |
1970年 | 4773篇 |
1969年 | 4734篇 |
1968年 | 4327篇 |
1967年 | 3635篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
J. H. D. Bassett A. A. J. Pannett S. A. Forbes R. V. Thakker M. McCarthy A. P. Read B. T. Teh C. Larsson S. Kytölä J. Leisti P. Salmela G. Weber S. Giraud C. X. Zhang A. Calender J. W. M. Höppener H. K. Ploos van Amstel C. J. M. Lips K. Kas W. J. M. Van de Ven P. Gaudray 《Human genetics》1997,100(5-6):657-665
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by tumours of the parathyroids,
pancreas and anterior pituitary. The MEN1 gene has been localised to a 2-Mb region of chromosome 11q13 by meiotic mapping
studies in MEN1 families. Such studies may have a limited resolution of approximately 1 cM (i.e. 1 Mb) and we have therefore
investigated 96 MEN1 families (40 British, 17 French, 12 Finnish, 7 Swedish, 7 Dutch, 7 North American, 2 Australian, 1 New
Zealand, 1 German, 1 Spanish and 1 Danish) for linkage disequilibrium, in order to facilitate a finer mapping resolution.
We have utilised five microsatellite DNA sequence polymorphisms from the candidate region and have accurately determined their
allele sizes, which ranged from 161 bp to 272 bp. The heterozygosity and number of alleles (given in brackets), respectively,
at the loci were: D11S1883 (76%, 11), D11S457 (55%, 5), PYGM (94%, 18), D11S1783 (10%, 4) and D11S449 (87%, 16). Allelic association
was assessed by Chi-square 2 ×n contingency tables, by Fisher exact 2 ×n contingency tables and by a likelihood-based approach. The results of haplotype analysis revealed 91 different affected haplotypes
in the 96 families, an identical affected haplotype being observed in no more than two families. These results indicate the
absence of an ancestral affected haplotype. Significant linkage disequilibrium (P < 0.005) could be established amongst the microsatellite loci but not between the loci and MEN1 in either the total population
or in any of the geographical sub-populations. The absence of linkage disequilibrium between MEN1 and the polymorphic loci
is probably the result of the occurrence of multiple different disease-causing mutations in MEN1.
Received: 1 April 1997 / Accepted: 25 June 1997 相似文献
52.
53.
Serum samples of Meishan (13 animals) and Meishan x Wild Boar crosses (361 animals) were analysed by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis. Some new variants in protease inhibitor systems PO1A, PO1B and PI2 are reported. 相似文献
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
A new method for cell permeabilization reveals a cytosolic protein requirement for Ca2+ -activated secretion in GH3 pituitary cells 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Ca2+ is a major regulator of exocytosis in secretory cells, however, the biochemical mechanisms underlying regulation remain to be identified. To render the secretory apparatus accessible for biochemical studies, we have developed a cell permeabilization method (cell cracking) which utilizes mechanical shear. GH3 pituitary cells subjected to cracking were permeable to macromolecules but retained a normal cytoplasmic ultrastructure including secretory granules. Incubation of the permeable cells at 30-37 degrees C with 0.1-1.0 microM Ca2+ and millimolar MgATP resulted in the release of the secretory proteins, prolactin (PRL) and a proteoglycan, but not lysosomal enzymes. Extensively washed permeable cells were incapable of releasing PRL in response to Ca2+ and MgATP addition. However, addition of cytosol was found to restore Ca2+-activated, MgATP-dependent PRL release. The cytosolic factor responsible for activity was thermolabile and protease sensitive. The protein was partially purified, and its molecular mass was estimated to be equivalent to that of a globular protein of 200-350 kDa by molecular sieve chromatography. Inhibitors of calmodulin or protein kinase C (trifluroperazine, calmidazolium, H-7) failed to inhibit Ca2+-activated PRL release, and the required cytosolic protein could not be replaced by purified calmodulin, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, protein kinase C, or calpactin I. Further purification and characterization of the cytosolic protein should reveal the nature of biochemical events involved in regulated secretory exocytosis. 相似文献
59.
Maxence Gérard Baptiste Martinet Manuel Dehon Pierre Rasmont Paul H. Williams Denis Michez 《Systematic Entomology》2020,45(4):849-856
Since the beginning of taxonomy, species have been described based on morphology, but the advent of using semio-chemicals and genetics has led to the discovery of cryptic species (i.e. morphologically similar species). When a new cryptic species is described, earlier type specimens have to be re-evaluated, although this process can be challenging as only nondestructive methods ought to be used in order to preserve the integrity of the type specimens. Methods should allow comparison with recently collected specimens clustered based on chemical, ethological and/or genetic traits with old specimens (i.e. type specimens) where only morphological traits are available. Here we develop a method based on geometric morphometric analyses of wing shape for a taxonomically challenging group of bumblebees, the subgenus Alpinobombus Skorikov. We consider nine monophyletic taxa (including several cryptic species) to assess the accuracy of this method to discriminate the taxa based on their wing shape and then to attribute type specimens using a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure. We show that, for these bees, wing shape is taxon-specific, except for two sister taxa for which the species status is still debated. Moreover, for most of the taxa, type specimens were correctly attributed with high posterior probabilities of attribution, except for a few type specimens corresponding to the same two sister taxa where taxa delimitation based on wing shape was previously the subject of discussion. Our study highlights the potential of geometric morphometric analyses to help in the re-attribution of type specimens when the existence of cryptic species is revealed. 相似文献
60.
Douglas T. Bolger Karen H. Beard rew V. Suarez Ted J. Case 《Diversity & distributions》2008,14(4):655-665
Habitat fragmentation and invasive species often contribute to the decline of native taxa. Since the penetration of non‐native species into natural habitat may be facilitated by habitat fragmentation, it is important to examine how these two factors interact. Previous research documented that, in contrast to most other arthropod taxa, spiders increased in density and morphospecies richness with decreasing fragment area and increasing fragment age (time since insularization) in urban habitat fragments in San Diego County, California, USA. We tested whether a specific mechanism, an increase in non‐native species with fragmentation, is responsible for this pattern. We found that both native and non‐native taxa contributed to the pattern. Abundance of native spiders per pitfall trap sample increased significantly with decreasing fragment size (i.e. a negative density–area relationship) and abundance of non‐natives increased significantly with increasing fragment age. The proportion of non‐native individuals also increased significantly with age. One non‐native species, Oecobius navus, comprised the majority of non‐native individuals (82.2%) and a significant proportion of total individuals (25.1%). Richness of spider families per sample (family density) increased with fragment age due to an increase in the occurrence of non‐natives in older fragments, however, native family richness did not vary with age or area. Due to increasing dominance by non‐native and some native families, family evenness declined with decreasing fragment size and increasing fragment age. Native and non‐native abundance covaried positively arguing against strong negative interactions between the two groups. O. navus had a strong positive association with another common non‐native arthropod, the Argentine ant (Linepitheme humile), suggesting a possible direct interaction. In contrast, abundance of native spiders was negatively correlated with Argentine ant abundance. We hypothesize that fragmentation in this semiarid habitat increases productivity in smaller and older fragments enhancing the density of both native and non‐native taxa. 相似文献